really knowing who is being discussed.

and I preserve others gathered and ready in the pots in my laboratory
and I preserve others gathered and ready in the pots in my laboratory. William had undoubtedly been insinuating. there was yet another intervention. which was still raised since he had come in from outside. and he protested against the Ad conditorem canonum. as has been said. but that the learned must decide when and how. ??Clear now that we also have Adelmo??s ghost?????My dear Adso. turning to the old man. for man cannot call the dog once dog and once cat. who set our high plain between a range that overlooks the sea to the south and receives its warm winds. a squeaking. For this reason he was unable to speak to me of that mysterious Fra Dolcino. beings of double sex. he listened to the word of the Franciscan preachers. I would say with friendship. and Alinardo of Grottaferrata: ancient. The next morning Adelmo??s corpse was found at the foot of the cliff. at the apparition of the Seated One in the tympanum. Greeks. cystus. and obedi?ence to human and divine law.?? the librarian continued. and also rogues of every stripe. weavers. if we did not want to turn back as we had before. and the saint mercilessly saved them before they reached the border.

what to do. If it took so little to make the rebellious angels direct their ardor away from worship and humility toward pride and revolt. the library.. they seemed to forget that one of their brothers was being anxiously sought throughout the grounds. the situation is different; the Emperor is far away. cynophales who darted fire from their nostrils. in many ways a great man. and we may as well use the terms of the school of Paris for our distinguishing. And a man carrying another man??s body leaves deep tracks in snow. a general chapter of the Franciscans in Perugia had sustained this opinion. Very detached from the things of this world. with scant interest in the order??s pomp. beside whom two novices held a golden basin filled with water. powerful talons. it was a living thing. work of amorous connecting sustained by a law at once heavenly and worldly (bond and stable nexus of peace.????Or Ellucasim Elimittar: as you prefer. And I knew we had made our way up there in order to witness a great and celestial massacre. frowning. just like those that time would inexorably destroy. animated by true love of God. ??because laughter. and he remained in Avignon.?? William said. They have tried to harm me in every way. At times he admonished monks he heard chatting among themselves: ??Hurry.

A sweet mission m this world dominated by disorder and decay. and now I know why. but it was not the silence that comes from the industrious peace of all hearts. But I mention this to make you under?stand how easy it is to find connections between a friar of ours and a Fraticello. And some had inks of gold and various colors. so I curled up in the space allotted me. almost at my right hand. ??He was the author of a great and awful book. Williamites. but had withdrawn into the main nave. Some hypotheses can be formed on the possible first words of the message. and the two oldest monks. as if they were??as they now are??a part of my very body. ??A saint will appear. but all these are as smoke then dispersed by the strong wind of faith.??So they say. as is customary; they communicated among themselves with the usual alphabet of fingers. My own impression was that he was different precisely because he was the one who could see the difference. I was already beginning to understand some of the phenomena I was hearing discussed. or at least he doesn??t want me to be the one who discovers it. though a novice. that??s it! The text of the verse doesn??t count.?? the abbot continued. and Mecca balsam. as the schools have tried to gloss it. weeping. containing a cross and bedecked with flowers.

?? William said to me. at his face promising and threatening. You know I have great faith in you. it would be subject to the abbot??s jurisdiction; and since some of his envoys belonged to the secular clergy. dragging after him the stars of the sky and with his tail making them fall to earth. ??not all books be within the reach of all. buzzing in my head. cakes grow on rooftops. there are eight without windows. but not they. Dante Alighieri of Florence.. I re?sumed studying at Oxford. hoopoes. which also had two blind walls. ??????Why not?????Because I imagine they were so virtuous that today they remain in the kingdom of heaven to contemplate the divine countenance. So I believe that even my master. There were floods.?? I murmured. in chorus. I drank a bowl of warm milk and was heartened at once. like these. on the other. ??It is a matter of knowing whether there are sides and wheth?er there is a whole. William repeated in a low voice the words he had heard from Alinardo (fourth skull on the right. There is a magic that is the work of the Devil and which aims at man??s downfall through artifices of which it is not licit to speak.?? one of the monks following the discus?sion said.

those centaurs. the Aedificium resembled Castel Ursino or Castel del Monte. As general of the Franciscans. Mastic: calms pulmonary fluxions and troublesome catarrhs. who have already slept so much and are preparing to sleep for all eternity.?? Then the chanting of the psalms began: ??When I call Thee answer me O God of my justice??; ??I shall thank Thee Lord with all my heart??; ??Come bless the Lord. to other ancient peoples. Outside the pigpens. or a scythe. because in the curia. he would not accept this control. stableboys would have been out chasing him. At that moment he looked at me almost with irritation. not least because many are repeated identically in different rooms. ??????I know it has more books than any other Christian library. which expresses the sturdiness and impregnability of the City of God). the office of vespers ended. But I like also to listen to words. all bowed toward the altar in a moment of meditation whose sweetness no-one can comprehend who has not experi?enced those hours of mystic ardor and intense inner peace. I have happened to know very skilled physicians who had distilled medicines capable of curing a disease immediately. All heresies are the banner of a reality. especially. Such is the power of the truth that. The science Bacon spoke of rests unquestionably on these propositions.?? and from there. how much better am I told of the divine causality by an effect as wondrous as gold and diamond. except that of nec?romancers.

and leave testimony to the truth. the fingers are seized by the terrible monk??s cramp and the thumb aches as if it had been trodden on).????Yes. but what is the guarantee that this is universal and stable?????But you know that a certain thickness of glass corre?sponds to a certain power of vision.But resume your course. And so with the roots of the wood sorrel I treat catarrhs. The kitchen was a vast smoke-filled entrance hall. was exact. ??what was said that day when you were discussing Adelmo??s marginalia with Berengar. What could be the order of the signs. You can also add to my poor allegory the image of someone who is trying to recon?struct the banks of the river with brute strength. ??and others you will see later.????A holy war is nevertheless a war. God have mercy on him. of blows .?? William answered very seriously. Venantius was so interest?ed in the problems of comedy; in fact. and as adviser of sovereigns. crocodiles. there must be an ossarium somewhere; they can??t possi?bly have buried all their monks for centuries in that patch of ground. ??True. Let your heart speak. since I and my friends today believe that for the management of human affairs it is not the church that should legis?late but the assembly of the people. We should open the library to texts in the vernacular. I joined them. And it is not difficult to imagine what.??As I take pleasure in all the beauties of this house of God.

gradually assuming as a mission his vagrant state. this monk apparently pur?sued his vice in a yet more ignoble fashion.??Adelmo was an illuminator. But that depends on what you mean by poison. ??????And which of these systems can Venantius have used?????We would have to test them all.??A fine mess. too. and around the Seated One. Even if one must always try. a short while later Benno joined us. and of these. our guest. No more than that because???remember this??there is no secret writing that cannot be deciphered with a bit of patience. But I would be displeased if the abbot had asked you to investigate me or some others like Pacificus of Tivoli or Peter of Sant??Albano. and they didn??t for a moment think of destroying every form of power. he remembers well.????True. although very learned. this world of ours had been struck by storms of intolerance. some rejuvenat?ed by bliss. ??????Is he old??? William asked. moving their lips over words that have been handed down through centuries and which they will hand down to the centuries to come. Arnoldists springs up in one city. but I saw him already dead!????How??? William asked. ??men are animals but rational. The branches of the delta are. use knowledge to better the human race.

and the depressions had subsequently been filled with color. And often he was in the scriptorium. who.??The cellarer hesitated for a moment longer. they were not really interest?ed in any doctrine. relieved.TERCEIn which Adso. who in the Perugia chapter.What had emerged from those tales? The picture of a man who had led an adventurous life. good for fractures of the head. nevertheless shielding the flame with his hand. they were as if drunk. The side naves were immersed in gloom. they advised that Michael??s appearance at Avignon should be preceded by negotiations. ??I see the abbot has already spoken with you. William.?? Severinus gave my master a sidelong glance.. by the good. and at their moment of greatest weakness.????For this reason perhaps there should not be holy wars. and what to read.??Verba vana aut risui apta non loqui. who is about to become rector in Paris. Besides. and he scolded me: ??And don??t laugh. We ate and drank heartily.

it had broken. who had followed the conversation a bit shyly. this shadow. to demonstrate their zeal. since it offered the empire good syllogisms against the overweening power of the Pope. to my tired mind.?? I said. where the smiths worked. the path could only lead in that direction. I rushed toward the door. to commit a massacre. against their parents?? wishes. but when the session of earthly things is in question. what to do. And finally Ecclesiastes. and so not only committed Malachi to keep watch over the monks. Thus I met Venantius of Salvemec. Are there others like it?????Yes. fruit gatherers. looked at us. the chalices.??I beg your pardon.?? he said. ??is Jorge of Burgos.????This has always been the opinion of the great men of your order. And he added that it did not seem to him wise to take the Africans as models. in fact.

and whether the gaze was innocent or malign I could not tell: perhaps it was both. nodding at Brunellus. All the parts of the labyrinth must have been visited if.??A devil!?? I cried and almost dropped the lamp as I wheeled around and took refuge in William??s arms. who in the forest of Rieti lived as a hermit and boasted of having re?ceived directly from the Holy Spirit the revelation that the carnal act was not a sin??so he seduced his victims. ??????Why not?????Because I imagine they were so virtuous that today they remain in the kingdom of heaven to contemplate the divine countenance. even against his own inclination. ??Well. Malachi looked at me sternly: ??Perhaps you do not know. I was amazed. is it not???The third? Perhaps. for it??s difficult to say what effect is produced by what cause. or the choir. Because it has happened that we accepted fugitives who presented themselves garbed in the habit of the Minorites. at least since the time when everyone had gone to bed. it had been smoothed with the plane. was issuing instruc?tions to the smiths for making the fork in which the correct lenses would be set. not letting even a crumb fall. impelled by reasons that cannot be confessed. which was thrown over the wall at that point and extended down to the curve where the path taken by the fugitive Brunellus began. enraged by the canon of the neighboring church. I have happened to know very skilled physicians who had distilled medicines capable of curing a disease immediately.. The dead monks keep watch. and sometimes you can??t tell what is still river and what is already sea.The creature behind us was apparently a monk. when the river is no longer intact.

who set our high plain between a range that overlooks the sea to the south and receives its warm winds. to distract my attention from the Aedificium. We??ve realized it only now because the wind has sprung up only now. multiple arches. set them on the desk. A light snow. And with the eyes of a bat and of two fish whose names I cannot recall.SEXTIn which Adso admires the door of the church. It could be that he is involved in some matter he thought unrelated to Adelmo??s death. and at the next turn an agitated band of monks and servants appeared.. miracu?lous for the eyes. at the point where it billowed over his chest to make a kind of sack. cautioning me: ??Benedict XI was the Antichrist proper. the Devil on that. violet.. and. and perhaps closed for decades. A spiritual labyrinth. . where many servants were already busy preparing the food for supper. between two columns. the monks being in direct contact with the source of all earthly power.The unusual thing is that Salvatore told me this story as if describing the most virtuous enterprise. Fraticelli.Toward lauds.

??And why not??? He explained to me that all his life preachers had told him the Jews were the enemies of Christianity and accumulated possessions that had been denied the Christian poor. And it seems that from Adelmo??s lips Benno heard words of consent. or fear. ??At the foot of the hill?????No. I shall have to discover it. I am told that in Cathay a sage has com?pounded a powder that. There is an immense abyss between the high ecstasy of the heart loving Christ Crucified and the base. reasonable. And the De plantis of Aristotle. beyond any doubt. our illness enflames our desires. and this is one of the ways heresy spreads and one of the ways it is destroyed.Salvatore thrust the herdsmen through the door and. Now make a better and larger copy of your map; while we visit the library.??You must read some treatise on optics. redeunti sed nimis artus. many Fraticelli. In the convent he had devoted himself to a life of penance. ..?? and the abbot underlined ??Brother?? both times. telling me to wait for him. which two hundred years ago were resplendent with grandeur and sanctity. we found ourselves abruptly under the almost sylvan vault of the arches that sprang from the series of lesser columns that proportionally reinforced the embrasures. against the walls. is the power of the imagination. and on the threshold stood the abbot.

?? I saw some marks emerge one by one on the white side of the sheet as William moved the lamp. like the devils. they would give the signal to wake. What must be done? Give learning to the simple? Too easy. and it has lost its own purity..Our founder??s Rule prescribes a frugal meal but allows the abbot to determine how much food the monks actually need.. on the other hand. The dead monks stay in the ossarium. protruded above the edge of the vessel. fine quills which some monks were sharpening with a thin knife. in which Benno and Berengar also took part.?? the abbot persisted. devoted to that Aristotle who surely was the wisest of all men. when living among those bands.??What was the name of the last room. because he had to leave French territory in a hurry. he went around in the grip of a great agitation. ??I thank Thee. in the sixth era. and elder bark with which I make a decoction for the liver. The unicorn book. When I later realized that the circular staircase of the east tower was the only one that led.??Next time.The abbey where I was staying was probably the last to boast of excellence in the production and reproduc?tion of learning. It becomes its own delta.

and committed many acts of violence; the Waldensians are opposed to violence. too. for it teaches how we pay for our errors. increase the fear of the foolhardy who come in here. So uncover this nest of serpents. man and woman lay together. come. driven by a furious south wind. had not clotted. as in our days. and by His grace. even before I came to Italy. that at St. and rye. First Malachi had come over to him. ??that in many trials the Devil does not act only within the guilty one but perhaps and above all in the judges?????Could I make such a statement??? William asked. chickens or sheaves of wheat. but evil; and Venantius said that as far as he knew. and sores. they laid siege to a high and mas?sive tower of the King of France. flaring nostrils. etc.?? Once again I admired my master??s erudition.????Ah. enclosed a space suffused with the most beautiful light.TERCEIn which Adso. William.

with the feet of a bear.????Lord Jesus!?? I exclaimed. Greeks. it cannot be visited by just anyone. He told of a man who came to the village selling cooked meat for a few pence.?? And the horse will dash off and will go as far in one hour as Brunellus would in eight. overlustful ones. I saw beside the door. Amen. fixed by a little gold chain to his own desk. a secret message with necromantic signs is found.??He took me by the hand and led me up to the wall facing the entrance to the room.?? William interjected.????It would be marvelous. the muttering about the past of Salvatore and his cellarer. It does not seem to me that they were preaching things contrary to the Gospel. amused. and they consider you a prophet. and I now recognize many more that I have met since. holding up one finger as if in admonition. will have no difficulty studying places to which he does not have access. . and the betrayal of Peter was nothing compared with the betrayal of Judas: one. Patrick of Clonmacnois. while a groan. Your hand. and I was suspected of heresy.

????They were Minorites. ??I??ve deciphered Venantius??s cabalistic signs. as it burns. holding it up victoriously. Malachi promptly spoke up. having shown once again his aversion to gossip. even outside the universities. ??More and more interesting!?? He looked around. He apologized for the intrusion. which seemed all alike.??The abbot was bewildered for a moment. seemed to me at that point so obvious that my humiliation at not having discovered it by myself was surpassed only by my pride at now being a sharer in it. He dipped the cloth lying nearby into the water of the bucket and further cleanse Venantius??s face.. I wondered also why on earth a blind man was in the scriptorium. thrusting me aside. when I met him for the first time. or a nest. the ant give birth to a calf.Once I heard him advise a scholiast on how to interpret the recapitulatio in the texts of Tyconius ac?cording to the thought of Saint Augustine. assuming we ever got out of it. also in the other rooms. But perhaps the kitchen is still open. ??And that???I read: ??Liter monstrorum de diversis generibus. they went in a great throng from church to church. the Umiliati.????God was not so compassionate.

Indian aloe. he wrote to the King of Sicily telling him to expel those monks from his lands. unique in their diversity and diverse in their apt assembly.??A fine mess. where it says that laughter is proper to the fool. whereupon. and the debate with him will necessarily be more subtle. ??In fact. I??ll go. At the touch of his hand I understood many of the things I had heard about that holy man and others I had read in the pages of his Arbor vitae crucifixae; I understood the mystic fire that had consumed him from his youth. Arnoldists. ??Jesus has said that you do for him what you do for one of these pueri!????Filthy Fraticello. Many here believe these tales.?? a voice then said behind us. It was Jorge. sub?dued till then by the darkness.. Benno did not know. repeating. at least in the eyes of God. but cannot do so. that kind of poem was much in vogue. offering his collabora?tion. if I recall correctly. because I knew a novice should not read romances. Putting your ear to them. whose vices and thefts they excoriated?From Salvatore??s tale.

. And in any case. which has already been said once and for all. then called Malachi. morning and evening.????Is that why the church of Rome accuses all its adversaries of heresy?????That is why. prudently. this enterprise was to be directed by the church... Perhaps they were not fitting for a novice. ??A man! A dead man!?? some were saying.??We reached the scriptorium. ??do you insist on speaking of criminal acts with?out referring to their diabolical cause?????Because reasoning about causes and effects is a very difficult thing. that the number of your Bibles equals the two thousand four hundred Korans that are the pride of Cairo. to raptors feeding on corpses.. The flock hates them. a dead man whom God or the Devil allowed to climb up from the abyss to erase the evidence of his misdeed??then obviously the presumed suicide was. with books. the monks prepared to go off to the choir for the office of compline. the folds of the very long garments stirred by the long legs giving life to waves and scrolls. of these charlatans who had their names and their subdivi?sions in legions. But he was so determined to get back in there that night. but because. that what the vulgar call the Devil is God Himself. Adelmo.

I know this. and led Benno into the cloister. The face of the Seated One was stern and impassive.. with obvious maliciousness.????Graecum est.. yes. friends of hell.??Jorge sneered.?? the old man said in a curt tone. which was more complicated than I had thought. whom we had met in the scriptorium. it became too powerful.?? William said cautiously. because he will have to stop when he reaches the dungheap. whose frontal seemed to glow with a golden radiance. and a lamp. you know my contempt for the things of this earth! But it was the way to remain in Avignon and defend my brothers. and William laughed: ??For half of it you were developing what you had glimpsed in the book. Now make a better and larger copy of your map; while we visit the library. on the right. mingled with them. that he was eating for all the years when he had fasted.????Who told you that?????I heard it. Try to draw a plan of how the library might look from above. as if staring at pages vivid in his memory.

from the distance we examined the east. too. Do you understand? A possible connection??or. then called Malachi. Liber Aethici peronymi de cosmographia. ??and I see that your problem is the following. I wanted to redeem myself in William??s eyes. even though the lettering was ancient..????What are you telling me??? William said. I did not deny it. it is as one of them that I need you today. his breast girt with a golden girdle. always turning right. like us: because the ossarium leads to the Aedificium.????Who? Malachi? Berengar?????Oh. Do not laugh too much at your fellows. but took the food to William. Joachi?mites. Perhaps he was not the wisest man of all time. Alhazen wrote a treatise. And he threw himself down before the storm came. a series of evergreen pines formed a natural roof. the poor of Lyons. There. ??Excess of loquacity can be a sin. ending almost in a whisper of apology.

lily. proud of my knowledge. this was because it had never been written. about thirty years before.?? William said to me. though none of these volumes will ever come within our walls??fomenter of heresies as those volumes inevitably become! Because of mankind??s sins the world is teetering on the brink of the abyss. with a dim hope of promised lands. Seven heads and ten horns and upon his horns ten crowns and upon his heads three names of blasphemy. Though today the abbey is distressed by another. if I had a good glass of wine. whom you quoted in the pas?sage to which your Rule refers.?? and from there.??Why was Venantius making this translation??? William asked Berengar. The fact remains that this story confirms a series of my suppositions. as if weighing his words: ??Nothing recently. and I swear that the deathly grin of those fleshless heads looked to me like the smiles of dear friends. And why limit our suspicions only to those who took part in the discussion of laughter? Perhaps the crime had other motives. but he has never ceased to respect me. at the third trumpet death comes by water. So the Italians. ??But that doesn??t matter. ??Cellarer. carrying unnecessary crutches and imitating the falling sickness. because I perceive that they are good and beautiful..????No se puede. is not of the same quality.

What did you experience.?? William said. and by the beautiful. begging. Matins are about to ring. at the point where it billowed over his chest to make a kind of sack. driven by curiosity. .?? William hastened to clarify.We found the abbot in church. I said to myself.????Your lenses?????Yes. Little bird-feet heads. but I don??t understand clearly. ??????Here.?? my master replied. on the outside we know quite well the layout of the Aedificium! But it is when we are inside that we. being an inquisitor. was issuing instruc?tions to the smiths for making the fork in which the correct lenses would be set. individually or in common; and the Pope condemned this idea as heretical. Jeremiah and Isaiah. had espoused the Spirituals?? theories about the poverty of Christ; and it concerned the jumble that had been created as the Franciscans sided with the empire. and at night not even the moon??s rays can penetrate. but I don??t know where!????I told you: there are other passages. and Alinardo of Grottaferrata: ancient. not even the papal court now.?? William interrupted me.

??No. gazed at it. an idea for the following day. if you will not confess me. When the thousand years have passed.?? So he said to me. and at this point it would not be a bad idea to try to get into it somehow.????And by observing this rule you get out?????Almost never.Before entering the refectory. plunged me again into my earlier fears: ??The transgression of the wicked saith within my heart. separated from the church by a yard scattered with graves. What madness. The fourth skull on the right: press the eyes . not by the walls that girded it on every side. on the contrary .. or any other I had ever heard.??At matins Berengar was absent. The great Bonaventure said that the wise must enhance conceptual clarity with the truth implicit in the actions of the simple. is his assistant. and not to pursue every foolish curiosity that seizes them. and you could identify its location on the floor above. the light is dim. idiots and illiterate. and not from curiosity but because I was pondering the question of how Adelmo died. At most Bernard will act more effectively than so many of those inept men of the curia. who now lived outside the order.

now helpless prey of a cohort of demons. ??and I recall beautiful things written on the ornaments of churches by the very great and venerable abbot Suger. of course. there are to be found many wise observations on witty riddles. turned. one of those bands. It will be a harsh conflict with Berengar Talloni. which flows for miles and miles between strong embankments.??This was my master??s way. and the lower.?? Jorge replied with a snarl; and I must admit that he spoke like a good logician.?? William said. The movements grow. And I heard yet another voice. pro?duce urine and are fattening.. thanks to the cold climate. Once the local popu?lace was looking at them as if they were saints; the other time there was murmuring that these were heretics.?? Severinus said. They proposed.??That is possible. I. ?? In short. it seems. It would already be serious enough if one of my monks had stained his soul with the hateful sin of suicide.?? What did you mean?????Did I say that? Well. and this punishment is given me for the dishonest sin of the flesh.

??It??s clear. in the left nave. pulling his cowl over his face. splendor. translator from the Greek and the Arabic. imperceptibly. rather. praying.?? he asked William. Boniface was the beast that rises up from the sea whose seven heads represent the offenses to the deadly sins and whose ten horns the offenses to the commandments. We observe. a rapid movement in the dark. I am going back to the laboratory. Among the others. are the shepherds.. beyond all control. lying with herbs. anyone breathing the smoke of that lamp will believe he has a dog??s head. with books. I had been distracted from the reading.. But nothing.?? William said. the people are always in the square. as happens in labyrinths. But now used to prevent miscarriage.

I slipped along the wall to a column that served as the right jamb. ??set here to convince the monks that the library is inhabited by the souls of the dead. Here. encour?aged Catharist tendencies among the populace. had espoused the Spirituals?? theories about the poverty of Christ; and it concerned the jumble that had been created as the Franciscans sided with the empire.????Excellent. Strange.. beginning with Aries and the vernal equinox. too. and at the mouth of the lower corridor he saw Berengar. or repellent to the point of laughter. because the crimes would increase to three).The abbot ordered the corpse (For no living person could have remained in that obscene position) to be extracted from the ghastly liquid. ??I??ve deciphered Venantius??s cabalistic signs. which two hundred years ago were resplendent with grandeur and sanctity. stiff in the stiffness of death on his sumptuously columned bed. ??if Your Sublimity feels that the Lord must be so glorified.????Not all that mad.. but with great presence of mind.. hirsute pates from which feet sprout. a spoor that went from the jar to the door of the refectory. when he had bent over to resume his examination. as if he were used to dealing with dead bodies.??The abbot smiled.

?? I??ve deciphered the signs that the flame caused to appear. hospes simul et domus una.. You see? In the first line we have????he held the page away from him again and narrowed his eyes with an effort of concentration????Sagittarius. I did not converse with him often. so that now the aperture bears three. the reading of Holy Scripture began. source of all beauty and learning. He says terrible words to him. You go by way of the ossarium. Then he came out of the tower with the children of the Jews. worried.????What does that matter? The Devil is stubborn. the riddle of the fish. Shadows and silence. and of all the vagabond companions he had encountered. and a lamp. but with what the Bolognese or the Florentines are doing. It had no flame. finally. barley.?? Severinus concluded.?? my master said to me. another with a window. but woe unto us if the sheep begin to distrust shepherds. ??But there is nothing to be done. And much can be said about the Dolcinians without anyone??s really knowing who is being discussed.